What are the public holidays?

Public holidays in Russia offer great opportunities for adventurous travel! New Year’s celebrations (starting early December) see many cities decked out festively, perfect for exploring winter landscapes and potentially engaging in winter sports like skiing or snowboarding depending on location. Christmas and Epiphany are spiritually significant, offering a chance to experience unique Russian Orthodox traditions, often involving stunning church services and festive meals. Defender of the Fatherland Day (February 23rd) might involve themed events or parades in larger cities. International Women’s Day (March 8th) is a great time to enjoy the celebratory atmosphere, often with concerts and other public events. Maslenitsa (Shrovetide) is a fantastic week-long festival, ideal for experiencing traditional folk culture, often accompanied by outdoor activities like sleigh rides. Easter is another significant religious holiday, providing a unique cultural experience. Finally, May Day (Labour Day/Spring and Labour Day) is often marked by festivities and might offer opportunities for hiking or exploring national parks before summer crowds arrive.

What are some traditional folk festivals?

Russia boasts a rich tapestry of folk festivals, each offering a unique cultural experience. Maslenitsa, a pre-Lenten celebration, involves pancake feasts and vibrant festivities. Ivan Kupala, a midsummer festival, features bonfires, rituals, and symbolic cleansing. Oseniny marks the autumn equinox with harvest celebrations and thanksgivings. While Easter (Pasha) is a Christian holiday, its Russian celebrations are deeply intertwined with folk traditions. Interestingly, some regions incorporate competitive events like “Battle of Choirs”, often coinciding with holidays like Victory Day (Day of Victory). Furthermore, many festivals are accompanied by bustling fairs (Yarmarka), offering local crafts, food, and entertainment. Experiencing these events provides invaluable insights into Russian culture and traditions. Remember to check local listings for dates and specific locations as they vary regionally.

When and what are the holidays?

Planning a trip to Russia? Knowing the public holidays is key! Russia observes several significant holidays throughout the year, many with unique traditions. The New Year period, spanning January 1st to 8th, is a massive celebration; expect everything to be closed and the country to be bustling with festivities. January 7th marks Orthodox Christmas, a deeply religious holiday.

February 23rd is Defender of the Fatherland Day, a celebration honoring men and the military. March 8th is International Women’s Day, a day when women are showered with gifts and attention. May 1st (Spring and Labour Day) and May 9th (Victory Day, commemorating the end of WWII) are major holidays with parades and celebrations. Expect large crowds and potential travel disruptions during these periods.

June 12th is Russia Day, celebrating the country’s sovereignty. Finally, November 4th marks National Unity Day, commemorating the expulsion of Polish forces from Moscow in 1612. These holidays offer a unique opportunity to experience Russian culture, but it’s wise to book accommodations and transport well in advance, especially if travelling during the popular New Year and May holidays. Research specific regional traditions to make your trip even richer.

What traditional holidays are popular in Russia?

Russia boasts a vibrant tapestry of traditional holidays, perfect for incorporating into an adventurous itinerary.

  • New Year (Новый год): A massive celebration! Consider a winter trek through snowy landscapes, perhaps a Siberian taiga adventure. Many regions host unique New Year’s festivities, providing opportunities for cultural immersion and stunning winter scenery.
  • Maslenitsa (Масленица): This pre-Lent festival is a fantastic time to experience traditional Russian food and outdoor activities. Think sleigh rides, ice skating, and maybe even a hike to a picturesque village to witness pancake-making traditions firsthand.
  • Easter (Пасха): A deeply spiritual holiday; explore ancient monasteries and churches, often located in breathtaking rural settings. Combine religious reflection with hiking in the surrounding countryside.
  • May Day (Праздник весны и труда): Spring has sprung! This is an ideal time for hiking, kayaking, or cycling, as the weather warms and nature awakens. Consider a long-distance hike in a national park or exploring the Caucasus mountains.
  • Tatiana’s Day (Татьянин день): Though primarily a student’s holiday, it’s a great excuse for a city break with opportunities for exploring historical sites and enjoying winter sports if the timing is right.
  • Christmas (Рождество): A spiritual journey exploring ancient churches and villages draped in winter snow. This is a perfect time for photography or wildlife viewing (depending on the location).
  • Epiphany (Крещение): This winter celebration often involves icy swims in natural water bodies (for the truly adventurous!). It’s a great time for winter photography and exploring frozen landscapes.
  • April Fool’s Day (День смеха): A lighter holiday, perfect for a spontaneous day trip somewhere new, perhaps a hike or a cycle ride, and to observe how Russians celebrate this day. Be prepared for pranks!

What are all the worldwide holidays?

Fellow globetrotters, the world is brimming with internationally celebrated days! My travels have led me to witness the diverse ways these days are observed across cultures. Here’s a glimpse of some, with a few travel-related tidbits:

January 1st: New Year’s Day – A universal celebration of new beginnings! I recommend experiencing the vibrant Times Square ball drop in New York City, or the more tranquil celebrations in Kyoto, Japan.

January 11th: World Thank You Day – A perfect day to reflect on the kindness encountered during your adventures. Send postcards from your travels; a small gesture can go a long way.

January 26th: International Customs Day – A reminder of the often unseen work that ensures smooth international travel. This is a good day to brush up on customs regulations for your next destination!

January 27th: International Holocaust Remembrance Day – A solemn day of reflection. Visiting memorial sites in places like Yad Vashem in Jerusalem provides powerful perspective.

February 2nd: World Wetlands Day – A fantastic excuse to explore the beautiful wetlands of the Pantanal in Brazil or the Okavango Delta in Botswana. Remember to respect these delicate ecosystems.

February 4th: World Cancer Day – A day for awareness and support. Many countries dedicate events to this, some incorporating art or raising funds for research.

February 11th: World Day of the Sick – A time to reflect on the importance of health and wellbeing, especially essential when traveling to remote areas. Pack a well-stocked first-aid kit!

What are the folk festivals in autumn?

Autumn in the Slavic world is rich with vibrant folk festivals, deeply rooted in tradition and agricultural cycles. Travelers seeking authentic cultural immersion should note these key dates:

  • September 14th: Semyon-Letoprovodts (Simeon’s Day): This marks the end of summer and the beginning of the autumnal period. Traditionally, it’s a time for farewell summer festivities, often involving the last harvest celebrations and symbolic rites to ensure a bountiful next year. Expect to see regional variations in customs, especially in rural areas. Many villages hold feasts and fairs.
  • September 21st: Nativity of the Theotokos (Birth of the Virgin Mary): A major religious holiday, it blends spiritual observance with autumnal harvest themes. Expect church services and family gatherings centered around the autumnal bounty. This is a good time to witness traditional religious processions and experience the unique atmosphere in historic towns and villages.
  • September 27th: Voznesenie (Exaltation of the Cross): This religious holiday often overlaps with the final stages of the harvest, highlighting the spiritual significance of the earthly fruits of labor. Look for local customs related to thanksgiving and the veneration of the cross.
  • October 14th: Pokrov (Intercession of the Theotokos): A significant day marking the beginning of winter preparations. Expect colorful traditions, often involving matchmaking rituals and celebrations centered around warmth and protection as the weather turns colder. Many regions feature unique Pokrov traditions – research beforehand.
  • November 8th: Dmitriyev Day (Dmitrov’s Day): A day of remembrance for ancestors, often involving visiting cemeteries and commemorating the departed. It’s a time for solemn reflection, highlighting the spiritual aspect of autumn. Dmitriyevskaya Subbota (Dmitrov’s Saturday) which usually falls before the main holiday is also significant.
  • November 14th: Kuzma and Demyan (Kuzminki): This holiday, associated with blacksmiths and other craftsmen, blends pagan and Christian traditions. Kuzminki often involves festivities, games, and sometimes matchmaking celebrations. Look for local craft demonstrations and traditional meals.

Note: Dates may vary slightly depending on the liturgical calendar. Exploring specific regions will uncover unique customs and celebrations that enrich the experience of Autumnal folk festivals in Slavic countries.

What are some global holidays?

Fellow globetrotters, while exploring the world, remember these significant global observances: International Day against Violence and Bullying at School, including Cyberbullying – a reminder of the importance of fostering safe and inclusive learning environments wherever your travels may lead. Its observance encourages reflection on the pervasiveness of bullying and the need for collective action.

International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists – a poignant date reminding us of the vital role journalists play in informing the public, even in the face of danger. Consider the challenges faced by journalists in different parts of the world during your travels and the power of free and independent journalism.

World Programme Day – an occasion celebrating the impact of computer programming on our lives. Think about how technology shapes our interactions with the world, and how this becomes even more apparent when traveling.

World Day for Audiovisual Heritage – a chance to appreciate the rich tapestry of moving images and sounds that tell stories and preserve cultures. Explore local archives and museums in your destinations to experience the diverse audiovisual heritage of different communities.

International Day of the Girl – a day dedicated to promoting girls’ rights and empowerment globally. Observe how local cultures and customs affect the opportunities available to girls in different parts of the world.

World Teachers’ Day – a day to acknowledge and celebrate the contributions of educators worldwide. Reflect on the importance of education in shaping communities and influencing people’s lives, noticing the differences in educational systems during your journeys.

What holiday is associated with autumn?

Autumn offers a rich tapestry of festivals, each with its unique charm. Oktoberfest, primarily celebrated in Munich, is a massive beer festival filled with traditional Bavarian costumes, hearty food, and lively music. Planning ahead is crucial, as accommodation books up months in advance. Consider exploring beyond the main tents for a more authentic experience.

Halloween, celebrated on October 31st, is a globally observed holiday with roots in ancient Celtic traditions. From spooky haunted houses to trick-or-treating, the atmosphere is delightfully eerie. Many cities host spectacular parades and events, so researching local festivities is recommended.

Thanksgiving, celebrated in Canada and the US, is a harvest festival emphasizing family and gratitude. It’s a time for traditional feasts, often featuring turkey and pumpkin pie. Expect travel disruptions and potential restaurant closures, especially in smaller towns. Booking travel and accommodations well in advance is necessary.

Día de Muertos (Day of the Dead), primarily celebrated in Mexico, is a vibrant and colourful celebration honoring deceased loved ones. Families create elaborate altars (ofrendas) filled with food, flowers, and personal mementos. Witnessing a parade of Catrinas (skeletal figures) is a truly unforgettable experience. Respectful observation of local customs is paramount.

To maximize your experience:

  • Book accommodations and flights well in advance, particularly for Oktoberfest and Thanksgiving.
  • Research local customs and traditions to ensure respectful participation.
  • Embrace the local cuisine; each festival offers unique culinary delights.
  • Consider alternative celebrations beyond the major cities for a more authentic, less crowded experience.

What holiday is on February 15th?

February 15th marks the Feast of the Presentation of the Lord, or Candlemas, a significant Christian holiday. It commemorates the presentation of the infant Jesus at the Jerusalem Temple and Simeon’s prophecy.

Historical Significance: The event is detailed in the Gospel of Luke, highlighting the meeting of Jesus with Simeon and Anna, a prophetess. This fulfills Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah’s arrival.

Celebrations and Traditions:

  • Candlelit processions: Many churches hold candlelit processions, symbolizing the Light of Christ entering the world.
  • Blessing of candles: Candles are blessed during services, often taken home for protection and spiritual significance.
  • Groundhog Day connection (in some cultures): While not directly related, the proximity to Groundhog Day (February 2nd) sometimes leads to interesting cultural juxtapositions.

Travel Considerations:

  • If traveling to regions with strong Christian traditions, you might find unique services and celebrations on this day. It’s worth checking local event listings.
  • Consider visiting historically significant churches or cathedrals where special Candlemas services are held.
  • Remember that some businesses may have altered hours on this religious holiday in certain areas.

Beyond the religious aspect: The date also marks the halfway point between the winter solstice and the spring equinox, offering a symbolic transition towards warmer weather, a welcome change for many travelers.

Which holidays change dates every year?

Religious holidays often tied to lunar calendars, like Easter (the Christian celebration of the resurrection of Jesus Christ), Hanukkah (the Jewish Festival of Lights), and Eid al-Adha (the Islamic Feast of Sacrifice), shift annually. These dates aren’t fixed on the Gregorian calendar, meaning they fall on different dates each year. Easter, for instance, is calculated based on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the spring equinox – a complex astronomical equation that results in a moving date. Similarly, Hanukkah’s placement on the Hebrew lunar calendar means it varies. Understanding this variance is crucial for any seasoned traveler: booking accommodations and flights in advance for these peak travel periods is essential, as prices often surge. The shifting dates also impact local customs and celebrations; the ambiance and scale of celebrations can vary considerably depending on the day of the week the holiday falls on and its proximity to other events. For example, a weekday Eid al-Adha might see less large-scale public celebration than a weekend one. Always check local listings for specific dates and associated events. Planning for a flexible itinerary is therefore advisable, to maximize the opportunity to fully experience these unique cultural events wherever you may travel.

What is the most popular holiday in Russia?

For Russians, New Year’s Day (January 1st) reigns supreme as the most beloved holiday, eclipsing even Christmas in popularity. It’s a time of lavish gift-giving and exuberant celebrations, mirroring the festive spirit associated with Christmas in many Western countries. The scale of the festivities is truly impressive; think vibrant city squares bustling with ice sculptures, glittering Christmas trees, and the aroma of hot mulled wine. Family gatherings are central, with elaborate feasts featuring traditional dishes like Olivier salad and pelmeni. Many Russians maintain a second New Year’s celebration on January 14th, a lingering echo of the Julian calendar formerly used in Russia. This date, representing the “Old New Year,” offers another opportunity for joyous reunions and festive traditions.

Insider Tip: While Moscow and St. Petersburg offer spectacular public celebrations, experiencing New Year’s in a smaller town or village provides a more intimate glimpse into Russian traditions and hospitality. Prepare for long nights of merrymaking, abundant food, and the uniquely Russian blend of heartfelt warmth and boisterous revelry.

Pro Tip: Book accommodations and transportation well in advance, especially if traveling during peak season. Many Russians travel extensively during the New Year holiday period, resulting in high demand for services.

What holidays and traditions do the peoples of Russia celebrate?

Russia boasts a rich tapestry of diverse cultures, each with unique celebrations. Exploring these festivities offers a fascinating glimpse into the country’s vibrant heritage. Here are a few examples:

  • Surykhanbaan (Buriats): Celebrated on the first Sunday of July, this festival showcases traditional Buriat equestrian skills, wrestling, and archery. It’s a powerful display of cultural pride and athleticism, offering a chance to witness breathtaking horsemanship. Consider visiting Buryatia during this time for an immersive experience.
  • Ysyakh (Yakuts): Held at the end of June, Ysyakh is the most important holiday for the Sakha (Yakut) people. It’s a celebration of the summer solstice, featuring traditional songs, dances, and games, often with elaborate costumes and a strong connection to nature. Attend for a truly unforgettable spectacle of Yakutian culture.
  • Hebdenek (Evenks): Also observed at the end of June, this Evenki festival focuses on deer breeding and hunting traditions. While less widely known, it’s a captivating insight into a nomadic culture and its close relationship with the environment. If interested in unique cultural experiences, research opportunities to visit Evenki regions during Hebdenek.
  • Sabantuy (Tatars and Bashkirs): This springtime festival, usually at the start of summer, celebrates the completion of spring sowing. Expect lively competitions, including wrestling and horse racing, along with traditional food and music. It’s a vibrant and joyous occasion, demonstrating the rich cultural heritage of the Tatar and Bashkir peoples.
  • Gyron Bydton (Udmurts): Observed from late June to early July, Gyron Bydton commemorates the completion of spring fieldwork. It’s a celebration of community and agricultural success, often including traditional dances, songs, and games. Learning about the Udmurt people’s agricultural traditions adds another layer of appreciation to the celebration.
  • Lud (Komi): Taking place on the first Sunday of July, Lud is a significant holiday for the Komi people. It focuses on celebrating the natural world and the renewal of life. Participation in the festivities provides a unique understanding of the Komi people’s relationship with their environment.

Note that the exact dates may vary slightly from year to year. Planning your trip accordingly and researching local events closer to the time is recommended for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

What holiday do people all over the world celebrate?

The question of which holiday is celebrated globally is complex, as the meaning and observance of holidays vary greatly across cultures. While no single celebration unites everyone, New Year’s Eve comes closest. Its secular nature, focusing on the transition to a new year, makes it a near-universal event. However, the celebrations themselves are incredibly diverse, ranging from quiet family gatherings to massive public spectacles. I’ve witnessed everything from the vibrant fireworks displays over Sydney Harbour to the solemn ringing of bells in ancient Kyoto temples.

Beyond New Year’s Eve, several other holidays boast significant global reach:

  • Ramadan: Observed by Muslims worldwide, Ramadan’s significance lies in its spiritual reflection and communal fasting, creating a powerful sense of unity despite variations in its observance based on local customs and traditions. In Morocco, I experienced the beautiful nightly prayers, while in Indonesia, the vibrant markets brimming with festive food were unforgettable.
  • Easter: Celebrated by Christians, Easter’s rich tapestry of traditions – from the symbolic Easter eggs of Eastern Europe to the elaborate processions of Spain – demonstrates its diverse cultural interpretations. I’ve seen the moving religious services in Jerusalem and the joyful family gatherings in rural Ireland.
  • Christmas: While predominantly a Christian holiday, Christmas has transcended religious boundaries in many parts of the world, becoming a largely secular celebration of goodwill and festivity. In the bustling Christmas markets of Germany, I experienced its commercial aspect, whereas in the quiet villages of South America, I felt the deeper spiritual undertones.

It’s crucial to remember that these are just a few examples, and numerous other significant holidays are widely observed depending on the region and religious affiliation. The concept of a truly “global” holiday is itself a culturally constructed idea; understanding the diverse ways people celebrate around the world enriches our understanding of global interconnectedness.

What are the most famous holidays in the world?

The world boasts a vibrant tapestry of celebrations, but some stand out for their global reach and unique traditions. Here are eight of the most popular, offering a glimpse into their diverse cultural significance:

  • New Year’s Day: A universal celebration marking the start of a new year, customs vary wildly. From fireworks displays in Sydney Harbor to quiet family gatherings elsewhere, the common thread is hope and renewal. Consider the unique traditions of different countries when planning your travels – the vibrant street parties in Rio de Janeiro or the serene temple visits in Japan.
  • Christmas: A predominantly Christian holiday, Christmas is celebrated globally with variations in customs. The emphasis on family, gift-giving, and festive decorations resonates across cultures. Explore Christmas markets in Europe for a truly immersive experience, or witness the unique traditions of Christmas in South America.
  • Halloween (Day of the Dead): While its origins are ancient Celtic, Halloween’s modern form is a global phenomenon, emphasizing costumes, candy, and spooky fun. Experience the vibrant and respectful celebrations of Día de Muertos in Mexico for a profound contrast to the typical trick-or-treating.
  • Thanksgiving: Primarily celebrated in North America, Thanksgiving’s focus on gratitude and harvest feasts provides a heartwarming counterpoint to the commercialism of other holidays. Travel to the United States or Canada during this time for a truly immersive experience.
  • Diwali (Deepavali): The “Festival of Lights” is a major Hindu festival celebrated with lights, fireworks, and sweets. Experiencing Diwali in India is breathtaking, with illuminated streets and vibrant cultural displays.
  • Chinese New Year: This lunar new year celebration is observed across many East and Southeast Asian countries. The vibrant parades, lion dances, and family reunions make it a truly spectacular event. Plan your trip well in advance as it’s a very popular travel time.
  • International Women’s Day (March 8th): While not a traditional holiday in the same vein as others, this day is celebrated globally, highlighting the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women. Witness various events and celebrations dedicated to women’s rights and empowerment across different countries.
  • Oktoberfest: This famous beer festival in Munich, Germany, attracts millions annually. While localized, its global reputation is solidified by its exuberant atmosphere and unique traditions. Be prepared for large crowds and book accommodations and flights well ahead.

What holidays are celebrated in the autumn?

Autumn, ah, the season of crisp air and vibrant foliage! My travels have taken me to many corners of the globe celebrating this time of year in unique ways. In Russia, for instance, September 11th marks День гранёного стакана (faceted glass day), a quirky celebration I discovered quite by accident! A perfect excuse to enjoy a shot of vodka, perhaps?

Then there’s the enchanting Mid-Autumn Festival, or Moon Festival (September 15-17th), celebrated across much of Asia – from China and Japan to Vietnam. I’ve witnessed breathtaking lantern displays and the sharing of mooncakes in bustling city streets and tranquil countryside villages. It’s a truly magical experience!

Further into the autumn, October 5th sees the world celebrate World Teachers’ Day. A fitting tribute to those who shape young minds – I’ve encountered dedicated educators everywhere I’ve travelled. It’s a chance to reflect on the impact of education across diverse cultures.

And who doesn’t need a good smile? October 6th is World Smile Day, a universally appreciated occasion! I’ve found that the simple act of smiling transcends language barriers and cultural differences – a heartwarming global experience.

Of course, autumn festivities vary widely. In the US and Europe, autumn is synonymous with harvest festivals and Halloween preparations. In Mexico, unique traditions enrich the season, and in India, autumn heralds the start of several significant festivals. Each location offers its own unique autumnal charm, a reminder of the diverse beauty of our world.

What day is celebrated on February 15th?

While Valentine’s Day is widely celebrated on February 14th, the 15th offers a quirky counterpoint: Singles Awareness Day.

It’s a day dedicated to celebrating the single life, often seen as a reaction to the Valentine’s Day pressure. The exact origins are debated, but the concept resonates with many who find themselves uncoupled. Interestingly, it’s not a formally recognized holiday, growing organically through online communities.

If you find yourself traveling solo on February 15th, consider this:

  • Embrace the freedom: Singles Awareness Day is the perfect excuse for some self-indulgent travel. Think solo hikes, museum visits, or exploring a new city at your own pace.
  • Connect with fellow travelers: Hostels and organized tours are great places to meet people, sharing experiences and creating lasting memories. Many cities have “meetup” groups for solo travelers, too.
  • Plan a “treat yourself” activity: Indulge in that fancy dinner, spa day, or exciting adventure you’ve been putting off. You deserve it!

Beyond the lighthearted aspect, the day subtly highlights the societal pressure surrounding relationships. Consider this a chance for reflection and self-appreciation, regardless of relationship status.

What holidays are celebrated on the same day every year?

Several holidays fall on the same date each year, providing reliable planning points for your travels. New Year’s Day, on January 1st, is a global celebration, offering varied experiences depending on your location – from boisterous street parties in Rio de Janeiro to quiet contemplation in Kyoto. Planning a trip around this date ensures you’ll be part of the festivities, but remember that many businesses might be closed.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, observed on the third Monday of January, is a day of reflection and commemoration in the United States. While not a universally celebrated holiday, it’s a significant date for understanding American history and culture. If you’re visiting the US around this time, you might find special events and exhibitions commemorating Dr. King’s legacy.

Which holidays are movable?

So, you’re wondering about the shifting sands of the Orthodox Church calendar? Let’s tackle those movable feasts. It’s all about the lunar cycle and its impact on the calculation of Easter, the cornerstone of the Orthodox liturgical year. This date determines the timing of many other key events.

Understanding the Fixed and Movable Feasts:

The Orthodox Church observes both fixed and movable feasts. The fixed ones remain on the same date each year. Think of them as your reliable travel companions, always predictable.

  • Fixed (Non-Movable) Feasts: These are anchors in the liturgical calendar. Examples include the Exaltation of the Cross, the Nativity of Christ, the Epiphany, and the Transfiguration.

Now, the movable feasts are the adventurous ones; their dates dance with the lunar calendar. Their arrival is a delightful surprise each year, adding a layer of anticipation to the faithful.

  • Movable (Переходящие) Feasts: These are intimately linked to Easter. As Easter shifts, so do these feasts.
  • Palm Sunday (Вход Господень в Иерусалим): Marks Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem. A week before Easter. Imagine the bustling crowds!
  • Ascension (Вознесение): Celebrates Jesus’ ascension into heaven. Forty days after Easter.
  • Pentecost (Пятидесятница): Commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit. Fifty days after Easter – a truly significant event.

Planning your Pilgrimage:

Knowing these movable feasts is crucial if you’re planning an Orthodox pilgrimage. Many services and celebrations occur at various monasteries and churches. Research the dates well in advance to ensure you don’t miss these powerful experiences. The atmosphere during these periods is often electric, full of devotion and community.

Beyond the Dates:

Remember, it’s not just about the dates; it’s about the spiritual journey. These feasts offer opportunities for reflection and renewal, providing moments of profound connection with faith and tradition. Whether you are an Orthodox Christian or a curious traveler, understanding this dynamic liturgical calendar opens up a richer appreciation of faith.

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